Field of Social Work in Child Practice

Field of Social Work Practice in Child Welfare Definition of the Field The Encyclopedia Britannica defines child welfare as services and institutions concerned with the physical, social and psychological well-being of children, particularly children suffering from the effects of poverty or lacking normal parental care and supervision (Child Welfare, 2010). Working with children and families is the second largest area of practice for social workers, and it is most popular with those who have a Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) Degree (Berg-Weger, 2010).National Organizations Addressing Child Welfare Practice A brief description of The Child Welfare System helps to better understand the role of social workers in this field. Under the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), The Child Welfare system emerged. Primarily state and local regulated, this system encompasses the primary responsibility of implementing, overseeing and enforcing laws and policies aligned to protect the welfa re of children.Services provided under the child welfare system include the following: †¢ Support or coordinate service to prevent child abuse and neglect †¢ Provide services to families that need help protecting and caring for their children †¢ Oversee the investigation of reports of possible child abuse and neglect †¢ Oversee temporary and foster care of children when safety cannot be assured at home †¢ Support the well-being of children living with relatives or foster families, including ensuring their educational needs are addressed †¢ Oversee family reunification, adoption or other permanent family connections for children and youth leaving foster care Although each state has a public child welfare agency, the child welfare system is not a single entity. Public child welfare agencies often collaborate with private child welfare agencies, community-based organizations and other public agencies to ensure that abused or neglected children receive the services they need. The Children’s Bureau (CB), another national organization, is the first federal agency within the United States (U. S. ) overnment to focus exclusively on the improving the lives of children and families. The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) is a professional organization created specifically for the social work profession and serves to provide information and education to the profession and advocate on behalf of social work professionals (Berg-Weger, 2010). The Social Work Policy Institution (SWPI) is a unit within the NASW whose primary responsibility is to examine issues that relate to social workers and perform research to gather empirical data and statistics that directly and indirectly impact how public agencies and other structures deliver health and human services.The mission of SWPI is to strengthen the voice of social workers in public policy deliberations, inform policymakers through collection and dissemination of information on so cial work effectiveness, and to create a forum to examine current and future issues in health care and social service delivery (Social Work Policy Institute,2012 ). The Role of Child Welfare Social Workers The role of the social worker in the field of child welfare involves a wide variety of settings within the child welfare system which includes direct involvement with an array of external professions and agencies (e. g. courts, law enforcement, psychiatrists, psychologists and other health care delivery team professionals). This collaboration is necessary to better ensure a holistic and efficient resolution approach for clients such that the safety and best interest of the child is always first and foremost; while working toward the goal of family reunification when feasible.The role of the child welfare social worker entails: †¢ On-going follow-ups and investigation of reports of possible child abuse and/or neglect †¢ Meticulous assessments / detailed reports, and recom mendations to courts and other services within the child welfare system †¢ Coordination of supportive child care, parenting classes, and in-home family preservation services †¢ On-going follow-ups, monitoring child and family progress and evaluations of planned outcomes †¢ When applicable, coordination and follow-up of mental health services, counseling and substance abuse treatment †¢ A liaison between client(s)and other multi-collaborative team members In addition, one of the most significant roles of the child welfare social worker is the mandated reporting of child abuse. Social workers have a legal responsibility to report suspicion of any form of child abuse and/or exploitation regardless to whether the information is based on direct or indirect knowledge of incidents.The social worker works closely with local law enforcement agencies and family court systems that rely heavily on the high quality assessments as well as other recommendations from the social worker in order to implement immediate safeguards and/or take immediate action when necessary to remove a child from a harmful or potentially harmful environment. Family preservation and implementing measures that safeguard the child, and acting in the best interest of the child is always the overall goal collectively within the child welfare system and individually for the social worker when making decisions, recommendations and referrals on behalf of a child. Social Problems in the Field Although the field of child welfare encompasses a variety of issues within the practice settings of family services, adoption programs and elementary and secondary school settings, child abuse is one of the most serious issues facing social workers in this field (Berg-Weger, 2010).This issue alone, reported by the SWPI, has created an emotional toll on social workers in the field of child welfare along with a steady increase in caseloads ranging from ten to one hundred and ten cases per social wor ker (The Social Work Career Center, 2012). This makes recruitment and retention in this field an on-going challenge. As front-line workers in the protection of children, social workers in this field are at high risk of becoming victims of violence as they are not usually accompanied by law enforcement during the initial follow-up on reports of abuse. Another area within the child welfare system that creates a social dilemma is the costs associated with child abuse and neglect mainly including hospital care and foster care.The social and economic consequences and costs of child abuse and neglect impact our society both directly and indirectly. The greatest cost being the displacement and offense against children. Professions that Compete with the Field of Child Welfare Political conservations and government cut backs on social reform, media and societal oppositions continue to be a constant challenge to the field of social work in general. Particularly in the field of child welfare, and despite the fortitude of those who remain committed to the client goal of finding families more quickly through safe reunification, adoption, and legal guardianship, the difficult and challenging daily tasks of child welfare social workers are seldom publicly acknowledged unless under scrutiny.Moreover, due to the complexities of the child welfare system, one hundred percent safety for all children is a goal to be achieved, but is rarely attained. Child welfare is a field of practice that is identified by the public as being primarily a social work domain. However, less than thirty percent of child welfare workers have a professional social work degree (BSW or Master of Social Work (MSW)). In some states the number of professional social workers in public child welfare is as low as three percent, with fewer than fifteen percent of states requiring a BSW or MSW degree for any child welfare position (Social Work Policy Institute,2012).In addition, there is a high turnover with the highest turnover rates from those who are hired with the least educational background and training (Social Work Policy Institute,2012). This dilemma creates a higher caseload and workload on those who hold the longest record of remaining in the field. That is, the degreed professionals (Social Work Policy Institute,2012). Job Opportunities According to the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the number of children under the age of 18 in the U. S. has grown from forty-seven million since 1950 to seventy-three point five million. By the year 2030, this number is expected to grow to eighty-five point seven million.The BLS also estimates the need for 595,000 social workers, with an expected growth of twenty percent employment of child welfare social workers. The average growth rate for all occupations is fourteen percent. The demand for child and family social workers should continue to grow because they will be needed to investigate child abuse cases and to place children in foste r care and with adoptive families. However, growth in this occupation is subject to limited budget constraints at all levels of government which will have impact on closing the gap on the shortage of social workers in this field and overall job opportunities. Salaries vary depending on location, experience and benefits offered.However, the median annual wage as reported by BLS is $40,210 annually (Bureau of Labor and Statistics, 2012). Important Trends The CB reported that in any given year an estimation of one million children come to the attention of the child welfare system. In 2010 an estimated 701,158 children were determined to be victims of abuse and neglect and an estimated 1,537 children died related to child abuse or neglect. As the NASW Center for Workforce Studies states, child abuse and neglect occur in all segments of society, within families from all walks of life, at all income levels, all religious denominations and all racial and cultural backgrounds.These facts in dicate that child welfare requires knowledge and skills in assessment, active engagement, intervention, the use of authority, and an expert ability to negotiate and manage appropriate community resources for an immeasurable client base. This further indicates a need for more comprehensive strategies that target both the recruitment and education of the next generation of professional social workers, and the training of current practitioners. The NASW reports that currently, hiring requirements for social workers in child welfare vary. Targets for action as reported by the SWPI include influencing social work education as a requirement to practice in the field, expanding use of data and research, influencing service delivery, and strengthening policy and practice linkages.The NASW continues to advocate for measures to decrease the shortage of social workers in the field of child welfare social work and to ensure consumers have access to qualified professionals. One such measure to re cruit more degreed child welfare social workers is promoting student loan forgiveness for social work college graduates. For example, while The Higher Education Act has been authorized by Congress to offer loan forgiveness, they have yet to allocate the funds toward this program to pay-off student loans (The Social Work Career Center, 2012). However, the NASW remains vocal on behalf of social workers to get funds appropriated for this program. These are just a few examples of the on-going work to improve working conditions, salaries and other benefits for members of the profession.Other sources include the College Cost Reduction Act of 2007 that also offers a loan forgiveness program that will discharge any remaining educational debt after ten years of full-time employment in public service. These shifts mark significant trends toward improved support of social workers particularly in the field of child welfare, and even more promising employment opportunities for social work gradua tes who are interested in child welfare. Summary A unique aspect in the area of child welfare is working closely and diligently to combat one of the most sensitive issues of our society, that is, the abuse and/or neglect of children. This aspect alone makes the decision to pursue a career in child welfare a most rewarding one but challenging at the same time.The field of child welfare is professionally, emotionally, and personally taxing, and often misunderstood and under-supported. With the reported rates of child population growth and the alarming rates of reported child abuse, the need for well trained and educated social workers is critical to this field of social work in particular. In order to provide adequate and improved support for social workers and the children and families who encompass this field, supportive efforts on the part of state and federal levels, and other organizations like NASW and SWPI helps to offer a more promising outlook and outcomes for all who remain committed to achieve a most difficult task of one hundred percent safety of all children.

Different Ways of Persuading

A few years back, I had a very close friend who never believes that she has the ability to keep up with life. She reiterates that she is ugly and that nobody is going to like her forever. In addition to that, she insists that she is not at all intelligent. She states that she is useless almost every waking moment of her life. What I did was to show her that I extremely like her; see, according to the â€Å"law of liking†, individuals tend to be fond of someone showing fondness to them as well (Rinke, 2006, n. p. ). My persuasive manner of delivery actually changed her belief that nobody is going to like her (Rinke, 2006, n. p. ). When this same close friend of mine got sick of endometriosis, she did not believe that surgery can help her (Kotelnikov, 2008, n. p. ). What I did was to combine â€Å"trust, logic, and emotions† to convince her to undergo surgery for her sake (Kotelnikov, 2008, n. p. ). I had to tell her that she should trust me and I did that by explaining carefully the procedure of the operation, as well as, the advantages that it will bring her after (Kotelnikov, 2008, n. p. . The tone of my voice, as well as, my body language surely touched her as well since I was able to convince her eventually (Kotelnikov, 2008, n. p. ). There was also a time when she had a terrible family problem (Hogan, 1996, p. 95 – 114). I did not say much, simply because it is enough that I was there to listen and to show her that I care; through the non-verbal communication I carried out, I was able to convince her that her situation is not that bad after all (Hogan, 1996, p. 95 – 114). The gestures, as well as, the eye contacts were convincing enough (Syque, 2007, n. . ). On a final note, in almost all the situations that I have been there with her, I utilized â€Å"reason† to convince her (Hubpages Inc. , 2007, n. p. ). When she told me that she believes all men are bad, I immediately provided her with objective reasons why she should not continue to believe so (Hubpages Inc. , 2007, n. p. ). She was able to draw a commonsensical conclusion eventually after I presented explanations as to why she should not generalize her emotions/perceptions toward men (Hubpages Inc. , 2007, n. p. ).

Critically evaluate methodologies for achieving risk management Essay

Critically evaluate methodologies for achieving risk management process evaluation and change and comment on the constraints - Essay Example The methodologies for the management of risk in the hospitality industry may be broadly classified as being organisational and financial in nature. The strategies for the management of risks in the hospitality industry may be classified as being defensive, cautious or offensive in nature and these may be dictated by the broad business environment of the day. Risk avoidance, risk reduction or risk transfer are the organisational methodologies for managing risks and their financial counterparts for the management of risks include risk retention, transfer of risk related financial liability and risk repartition in which risks are spread amongst a number of businesses or groups. Whereas a practical organisational strategy is likely to combine a number of techniques to handle risks associated with a hospitality operation, attempts towards the repartition of risks present the best way to deal with situations in a global economy in which the clients of the hospitality industry or the touris ts have a number of alternatives that are available to them. This brief essay attempts to take a look at the methodologies for managing risk in the hospitality industry. Any economic activity is characterised by an associated exposure to risk as a result of the conduct of the activity. Large projects may be exposed to risks associated with delays, cost escalations and exchange rate fluctuations etc. In the hospitality industry, risks may arise as a result of investment risks in ventures, risks arising out of the globalisation of tourism, risks associated with requirements to comply with legal and licensing requirements and health as well as safety risks in establishments. Investment risks and the risks arising out of the globalisation of the tourism industry have to be considered at the time of investing in a new venture and these risks are more of long term or strategic risks in nature. Risks that are associated

Computer literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computer literacy - Essay Example These make of computers are expensive and mainly used for specific operations and applications that need huge amount of information and calculations. They are used in weather forecasting among many other places where supercomputers are needed such as nuclear energy research, geological data analysis, and electronic design. Mainframe computers- it is a powerful computer used by several users thus referred to as a multi-user computer. These computers got their names after the small â€Å"minicomputers† emerged in the early 1970s. Today, the mainframe computers are very large. They are very expensive since they can support several hundreds of users at the same time. In different ways, it can be said that mainframe computers exhibit superior characteristics compared to supercomputers since they can support several programs simultaneously. On the other hand, supercomputers have the advantage of executing single programs at a faster rate compared to mainframe computers. Minicomputers- these are midsize computers used for applications. Their main uses includes engineering, desktop publishing, development of software and many other applications that needs moderate amount of power to compute. Personal computers-they first came to existence in 1970s. They are small, inexpensive and designed to be used by individual users. The first types of personal computers to come to the market were the Apple II. Personal computers are categorized depending on size and chassis. The chassis is also referred to as the metal frame, which serves as the structural support for electronic components. Personal computers evolved to a point where small portable computers came to being. There are different types of personal computers including Tower model-in this computer, the mass storage, motherboard and the power supply are on top of one another in a cabinet. This is opposite of what exists in the desktop models where these computer components are in a compact set of box. Tower

To What Extent Does Corporate Social Responsibility Increase Research Paper

To What Extent Does Corporate Social Responsibility Increase Profitability - Research Paper Example As the research topic suggests the primary aim and objective of this research study would be to find out various means through which CSR activities followed by business organizations can help to increase its revenue generation and thereby increasing its profits as well. The main objective of any organization is to maximize the wealth of its stakeholders. However, it has been observed that most of the firms are mostly concerned about their shareholders and undertakes different activities which lead to the increasing value of its shareholders. CSR has had a renewed attention in recent times mainly because of the facts that apart from shareholders different other stakeholders of the company like its creditors, customers and the external environment of the firm as a whole are having a significant impact caused by the various activities carried on by the business firms. CSR has become a means of sustainability for most of the organizations which can lead to its growth and development in f uture. Hence this research study would try to find out the relationship between CSR and profitability of a company and how CSR activities can lead to the increase in its profitability.2. Literature ReviewThe literature review section of this research study would try to find out the existing literature in the field of corporate social responsibility. Moreover, it would also try to find out what the researchers have to say regarding the relationship of CSR and profitability of a company.

Part II Dream vs. Reality Get Rich Quick Schemes Essay

Part II Dream vs. Reality Get Rich Quick Schemes - Essay Example No matter what is said or done by advocates or opponents of gambling in all its various forms, it is an activity that is practiced, or tacitly endorsed, by a substantially majority of Americans." This statement, as have been proposals for legalization, has been ignored. These proposals have been rejected and, to data, casino gambling is only legal in a handful of states. Legal prohibitions against gambling have contributed to the emergence of an underground, illegal gambling sector which is not only flourishing but, continually expanding. Estimates place the total gambles illegally wagered over the past year at $48 billion. Apart from this meaning that states are losing an important, and major, source of revenues, there is a more disturbing implication. Within the parameters of an underground, black market gambling industry, the activity is unsupervised with the consequence being the participation of underage youth and the proliferation of no limits' gambling which both sustains gambling addictions and often leads to financial ruin. Through the legalization of gambling, implying the movement of an underground activity to the open, not only will states benefit from a wealthy source of revenue but the supervision of the activity by law enforcement will lead to stricter adherence to both age and ga

China Global Trade Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

China Global Trade Report - Essay Example In terms of the Chinese market there are a number of overarching indicators. Currently the Chinese’ gross domestic product (GDP) is a reported $6.09 trillion making it the world’s second largest gross domestic product. In terms of growth rate, China demonstrated a 2.3% growth rate throughout 2011. China has a strong amount of exports, particularly to the United States where a strong number of production plants have implemented Chinese low-cost labor and manufacturing for item production ("Starmass"). Chinese exports include most prominently electrical machinery and equipment, followed by power generation equipment, apparel, toys, games, and sports equipment, furniture, and footwear ("Starmass"). In terms of goods imported into China, the major import items are machinery and transport equipment, these and then followed by non-edible raw materials, mineral and fuel materials, and finally chemical products ("Starmass"). There are a number of Chinese regulatory bodies that have control over internal and external economic elements. In these regards, the most prominent Chinese regulatory bodies include the China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) and the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC).   In addition to these aspects, there are a number of more specific trade indicators. One of the most prominent among these concerns are Chinese workforce numbers. The staggering Chinese population, currently over a billion citizens, contains equally staggering workforce figures. In these regards, the total number of the population that is economically active has been placed at 760,800,000. In terms of a specific workforce figure, the percentage has been placed at 58.9%; this number jumps to 77.7% when only individuals over age 15 are considered. With the expansive size of Chinese society virtually all forms of services and goods are produced within this country (Yifu). Chinese pillar industries continue to remain energy and heavy industries; these elem ents are aided by China’s relatively lax environmental regulations relative to Western industrialized countries. Notably, China continues to lag behind many Western countries in production of high technology innovative goods. Still, it’s notable that China has and continues to experience staggering economic growth. In terms of continued growth, the Chinese economy is estimated to grow at a 9.5% rate between 2011 and 2015 (Yifu). In terms of specific indexical growth indicators, it was recently demonstrated that China has a very high 3G growth rating (Yifu). There are still other prominent global trade measures that must be considered in terms of macroeconomic and cultural concerns. Some of the most notable of these concerns are the shifting nature of Chinese trade relations. Within this context of understanding it’s noted that recent years have witnessed an increasingly liberalization in trade matters, with regulatory bodies increasingly calling for free trade a reas. Recent years have seen the increasing establishment of trade pacts, for instance the 2005 East Asian Summit established relations with India, Australia, and New Zealand (Yifu). Recently the United States has eased trade restrictions with the country, allowing Chinese exports in at the same rate as other countries. China’s joining of the World Trade Organization (WTO) also points towards positive future global trade measures. Still, Chinese is noted to rank 29th in the Global Competitiveness Index and 135th among 179

Ismg Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ismg - Essay Example itute (2009), globalization as â€Å"a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.† This means that companies and institutions cannot benefit from global trade and for that matter globalization in the absence of technology and technology tools. To this effect, any company that wishes to benefit from the new trend of globalization must make technology a central part of its operations. With well harnessed information technology system, investors and entrepreneurs will not have to travel from one place to the other in person before they can reach the outside market. The information technology department of Richter therefore has a lot of role to play when it comes to the information technology system of the company. In the words of Salaam (2011), â€Å"information technology is the use of computers and networks to store, process, and receive data.† Richter can however put itself in the challenge to move the benefits of information technology beyond the storage and retrieval of data into an era when the entire development and expansion of the company shall be dependent on information technology. In this essay therefore, the measures that need to be put in place to make Richter appreciate information technology as a whole management procedure shall be discussed. Information technology system at Richter can be described in two major ways. These are As-was and As-Is. These two terms refer to the company’s previous information technology system and its present information technology system. Indeed, in the years before 1992, the as-was system of information technology existed. In this timeframe, there was a disorganized information technology system. This disorganization can be attributed to a number of factors. First, there was no stipulated department that catered for information technology in the company. Indeed,

Ideologies Aimed at Understanding the External World and Essay

Ideologies Aimed at Understanding the External World and Commercialization of Culture and Emergence of Cults in Popular Culture - Essay Example According to the research the interpretation of the external world hinges on the clear understanding of reality and perception. From a philosophical standpoint, knowledge starts with the experience of the external world through the senses—from the smelling of a fruit or the hearing of a child’s laughter. It is through the sense-data obtained (the scent of the fruit or the laughter of the child) that man is able to know the things around him. Knowledge, in this sense, is formed when man mentally creates judgments about his experiences (the smell of the fruit is sweet or the laughter of the child is loud). The problem between reality and perception stemmed from simple yet essential questions: (1) is the knowledge obtained through sense-experience true? How can man assure himself that what he perceives to be real is aligned with what is actually real? According to a philosopher named Bertrand Russell, reality exists—an objective space where all objective objects are orderly situated. Man is able to obtain knowledge about these objects, firstly, through the experience provided by his senses; and secondly, through the judgment created by his mind on such experience. The mental concept that is constructed is thus called perception. In this light, Russell deemed that man cannot exactly grasp reality since his senses do not possess the facets that would allow for him to capture these objects completely and purely. Essentially, however, man’s inquiry toward the external world reinforces an interesting insight about his nature—the desire to know. ... Two General Worldviews about the External World As mentioned previously, man’s ultimate goal is to understand the nature of the external world not only by acquiring truths about it, but also by evaluating the mental and physical processes he employs. In this sense, we begin by examining the two contrasting practices of knowledge creation that are geared toward explaining the nature of the external world: objective empiricism and hermeneutic empiricism. Both worldviews provide philosophical and scientific studies about the external world. A. Objective Empiricism Objective empiricism assumes that various phenomena in the external world are naturally configured to be perceptually accessible but autonomous of perceptions of man. Since the objective characteristics of these phenomena are independent of mental judgments, reality is thus delivered completely and purely to the perceiving man. Empiricism of this sort is often regarded to be grounded on materialism—that which adv ances the appreciation of physical objects as the premier exemplar of the real, as Anderson (1996) states. As posited by objective empiricism, as man moves the focus of his inquiries away from the nature of physical objects and into the cognitive construction of meaning, he loses the ability to empirically validate the judgments he made since the physical objects are absent from his analysis. Aside from being directly linked to materialism, objective empiricism is also associated with reductionism, which further breaks down the nature of physical objects into one single field of knowledge. Through this, Anderson (1996) believes that reductionism becomes the basis for the unity-of-science hypothesis. This hypothesis

Emma Gifford Poems Essay Example for Free

Emma Gifford Poems Essay Hardy shows a various amount of thoughts, feelings and concerns throughout the Veteris Vestigia Frammae section of his poems. These emotions always differ depending on the memory he is recalling to the place where it took place and even general differences between the way he feels about his late wife, Emma.  To start with in the first poem The Going, Hardy shows feelings of guilt and blame towards Emma. The first line of the poem, why did you give no hint that night straight away shows that Hardy is blaming Emma for her own death when she didnt even know herself that she was going to die just that she was quite ill. In this poem Hardy doesnt show guilt straight out but he does it by asking many questions in the poem but never giving any answers, it seems as if he doesnt, maybe even cant explain the way he feels due to Emmas death. Another emotion shown in this poem is resentment, resentment for the fact that they did not speak and she died without him being able to say what she meant to him. I Found Her Out There is also one of Hardys poems that shows many emotions and some concerns of his about where Emma had been buried. Hardys main concern is the fact that he wants Emma to be in her childhood home of Cornwall where she loved to be but instead she is buried in Wessex where they lived. In the poem Hardy says that he wants Emma to be where she once domiciled. This shows that Hardy wanted Emma to return to her home where she once was as he knows that she enjoyed her life there more than what she did in Wessex. Hardy uses the word creep to describe the way Emma would move underground, this seems to be an odd word to describe how the woman you love would move. In this case it seems as though he uses it to express his regret and how morbid it is without her but also morbid for him to remember that she loved Cornwall more than him and he knew that that was where she belonged no matter what. Hardy also uses to word shade to represent Emmas soul which also seems a little strange as it would be her soul that would move if anything was going to not her shade which to me means her shadow as she doesnt have one now. This to me represents that Hardy cant and maybe dont want to believe that she has gone and he will never be able to make things better between them and make her happy like she once was. Without Ceremony is also a good poem that shows a lot of Hardys emotions as I think it can be seen as his way of having a break down as he is being haunted by the past. This poem is addressed to Emma which shows that it means a lot to him and is rather sentimental but also it shows how strong and powerful his words are and how much they generally mean to him. The very first line shows affection as he calls Emma, my dear, this however is not the way it was when she was alive. We can see from this that either he is imagining things or is wishing how could have been. The poem to me shows a confession from Hardy as he says a lot of things that he never got a chance to say to her but always wanted to but also he lets out some of his grief and regrets. It also shows slightly how it used to be for them being together but never being with each other. For example, before I had thought thereon showing that he neglected her and wasnt there for her even when she needed him to be. Hardy even went as far to say that he inferred which to me is him telling himself that it wasnt all his fault but he is also questioning if they acted like a couple when they were around others but went their separate ways when no one was around. The last line of the poem, Good-bye is not worth while! is a very strong statement to finish on. This can shows a number of thoughts and feeling from Hardy, it could mean something as simple as it is exactly what Emma did as neither of them said bye. But it could also mean how much of pretence their relationship was and how little it meant to Emma in his eyes. Lastly it could show his grief and regret of loving her but not being in love with her, as it shows that he had more to say to her and wished that he could now so to him for not doing that he doesnt deserve a good-bye from her.

Mctaggarts Proof Of The Unreality Of Time Philosophy Essay

Mctaggarts Proof Of The Unreality Of Time Philosophy Essay It doubtless seems highly paradoxical to assert that Time is unreal, and that all statements which involve its reality are erroneous, and yet, in his 1908 paper The Unreality of Time, J.M.E. McTaggart attempts to prove just that. This essay will outline his arguments and examine their consequences. At the core of McTaggarts argument is the distinction between what he calls the A-theory and the B-theory of time. Positions in time, he says, can be ordered according to their properties, such as  being two days future,  being one day future,  being present,  being one day past, and so on.This temporal series of being past, present, and future, he calls the A-series. However,  he asserts that positions in time can also be ordered by dyadic relations such as  two days earlier than,  one day earlier than,  simultaneous with, and so on. This temporal ranking of events according to the relation earlier than, he calls the B-series. After making the above distinction, McTaggarts first step is to show that the A-series theory is essential to our concept time, by highlighting the essential nature of change in any such conception. It would, he says, be universally admitted that time involves change. A universe in which nothing ever changed, would be a timeless universe. He argues that the B-series, without the A-series, does not involve genuine change, since where the A-series changes (in that what was future is now past) the B-series positions are true timelessly-they are forever fixed. After addressing some possible responses by the likes of Bertrand Russell (which I shall discuss shortly) and establishing to his satisfaction that change can be accounted for only by A-series notions of time, McTaggart second step is to show that any A-series notions are nonetheless ultimately incoherent, and thus so is time itself. To start with, McTaggart argues that being future, being present, and being past, are incompatible determinations-they are mutually exclusive. Yet, in A-series interpretations of time, every event has them all. So, though McTaggart believes the A-series series is essential to time, he also believes it leads to a contradiction, and so cannot be true of anything in reality. Thus, time cannot be true of anything in reality either; therefore time is unreal. Despite McTaggarts arguments, most philosophers have remained convinced of the reality of time; partly because the appearance of a temporal order to the world is so strong; partly because the implications of its unreality are so vast and injurious to so many philosophical theories; and partly because, like me, they remain unconvinced of the proof itself. These philosophers normally dispute the necessity of the A-series in capturing the nature of time, and defend what P.T. Geach later called the Cambridge criterion of change. One such philosopher, Bertrand Russell-who Richard Gale hailed as [t]he father of the modern version of the  B-Theory- believes that McTaggart looks for change in the wrong place. He says that [c]hange is the difference, in respect of truth or falsehood, between a proposition concerning an entity and a time  T,  and a proposition concerning the same entity and another time  T, provided that the two propositions differ only by the fact that  T  occurs in one where  T  occurs in the other. In other words, change is simply the difference in the applicability of a predicate to a subject at different points in time. McTaggart addresses this argument using the example of a poker that is hot at T and cool at T. This, he says, does not constitute real change, because it is always the case that the earlier part of this event is hotter than the later part of this event. However, Russell would most likely have found this not entirely persuasive, as, though it may be true that th e poker does not change in regards to it being hot at T, such an argument does give us a criterion for what is for the poker to change. That is not to say, however, the McTaggarts proof proves nothing. At least one part of McTaggarts argument, the part about the contradiction inherent in the A-series, seems to be sound.  It is easy to dismiss the most obvious objection available to the defender of the A-series. As McTaggart says, one may claim that its never true of any event that it is past, is future, and is past. Instead, such an argument would run, the event is present, will be past, and has been future; or it is past, and has been future and present; or it is future, and will be present and past. There seems to be no contradiction here because, though the characteristics are incompatible, each term has all of them successively. But, according to McTaggart, such an objection fails given that the other times called upon to explain  the events incompatible A-properties must themselves possess all of the same A-properties (as must any further times invoked on account of these additional times, and so on  ad in finitum). This objection, therefore, can never resolve the original contradiction inherent in the A-series, because it simply reintroduces further notions of time, and so begs the same question. This does not mean that we must go so far as to deny the reality of time itself, for though McTaggart may establish that the A-series is unreal, he does little to convince B-theorists such as Russell  of its necessity.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) Essay -- International Economics

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Monetary Fund (IMF), international economic organization whose purpose is to promote international monetary cooperation to facilitate the expansion of international trade. The IMF operates as a United Nations specialized agency and is a permanent forum for consideration of issues of international payments, in which member nations are encouraged to maintain an orderly pattern of exchange rates and to avoid restrictive exchange practices. The IMF was established along with the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development The IMF's Main Business: Macroeconomic and Financial Sector Policies In its oversight of member countries' economic policies, the IMF looks mainly at the performance of an economy as a whole—often referred to as its macroeconomic performance. This comprises total spending (and its major components like consumer spending and business investment), output, employment, and inflation, as well as the country's balance of payments—that is, the balance of a country's transactions with the rest of the world. The IMF focuses mainly on a country's macroeconomic policies—that is, policies relating to the government's budget, the management of money and credit, and the exchange rate—and financial sector policies, including the regulation and supervision of banks and other financial institutions. In addition, the IMF pays due attention to structural policies that affect macroeconomic performance—including labor market policies that affect employment and wage behavior. The IMF advises each member on how its policies in these areas may be improved to allow the more effective pursuit of goals such as high employment, low inflation, and sustainable economic growth—that is, growth that can be sustained without leading to such difficulties as inflation and balance of payments problems. The IMF's Purposes The purposes of the International Monetary Fund are: i. To promote international monetary cooperation through a permanent institution which provides the machinery for consultation and collaboration on international monetary problems. ii. To facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade, and to contribute thereby to the promotion and maintenance of high levels of employment and real income and to the development of the productive resources of al... ...the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility pay a concessional fixed interest rate of  ½ percent a year. ï‚ · To strengthen safeguards on members' use of IMF resources, in March 2000 the IMF began requiring assessments of central banks' compliance with desirable practices for internal control procedures, financial reporting, and audit mechanisms. At the same time, the Executive Board decided to broaden the application, and make more systematic use, of the available tools to deal with countries that borrow from the IMF on the basis of erroneous information. ï‚ · In most cases, the IMF, when it lends, provides only a small portion of a country's external financing requirements. But because the approval of IMF lending signals that a country's economic policies are on the right track, it reassures investors and the official community and helps generate additional financing from these sources. Thus, IMF financing can act as an important lever, or catalyst, for attracting other funds. The IMF's ability to perform this catalytic role is based on the confidence that other lenders have in its operations and especially in the credibility of the policy conditionality attached to its lending.

How WW Jacobs Creates a Sense of Horror in The Monkey’s Paw Essays

Jacobs creates a sense of horror in ‘The Monkey’s Paw’ by using a variety of literary techniques. As ‘The Monkey's Paw’ was written in 1902, Jacobs makes the story scary in ways that are very different to modern horror films and books. We can tell that the story was written in the early twentieth century as it contains many details that would have been common in Victorian literature. One of the most obvious features from ‘The Monkey’s Paw’ that tells us that the story was written over a century ago, is the old-fashioned language that Jacobs uses. The language used throughout the story contains words such as ‘rubicund’ and ‘visage’, which are not words that are commonly used today. Also, the fact that  £200 was considered to be a lot of money shows that the story was from a long time ago as  £200 is not seen as a large amount of money in the modern world. Other aspects of the story also show that Ã¢â‚¬Ë œThe Monkey’s Paw’ was written in the Victorian time period - the fact that India was seen as a new, exotic and unexplored country tells us that the story must have been written in a time when transport wasn’t as easily available as it is today. In the story, when the Sergeant-Major tells the Whites about his exploration, they seem almost in awe of him as he is seen to be the bravest and most adventurous person that they have ever met because of his journey to India. The fact that Jacobs used a Sergeant-Major character is also another typical feature of Victorian literature. Finally, the household objects that the Whites use in ‘The Monkey’s Paw’ show that the story was not set in modern times. For example, the Whites use candles for light and heat their kettle on a fire as there was no electricity in Victorian times. As ‘The Monkey’s Paw... ...f seeing whether their wish has come true. I think that WW Jacobs is a very powerful and intelligent writer who has cleverly used every possible feature in the story of ‘The Monkey’s Paw’ to create a sense of horror. The literary techniques that he uses are very typical to those of most short stories written in Victorian times. Personally, I think that these techniques, such as the mystery of the unknown, are a great deal scarier and build up a much better sense of tension than present day horror stories. Modern horror films and books mainly use gore, wounds and blood to create the element of disgust that generates the most profit. However, I think that Jacobs cleverly uses subtle details and suggestion in ‘The Monkey’s Paw’ to develop a sense of terror throughout the story, and this is what creates a classic horror story that really plays with the reader’s mind.

Hopelessness in Albert Camus The Plague and Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot :: comparison compare contrast essays

Hopelessness in Albert Camus' The Plague and Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot  Ã‚   Does Existentialism deny the existence of God? Can God possibly exist in a world full of madness and injustice? Albert Camus and Samuel Beckett address these questions in The Plague and Waiting for Godot. Though their thinking follows the ideals of existentialism, their conclusions are different. Camus did not believe in God, nor did he agree with the vast majority of the historical beliefs of the Christian religion. His stance on Christianity is summed up most simply by his remark that "in its essence, Christianity (and this is its paradoxical greatness) is a doctrine of injustice. It is founded on the sacrifice of the innocent and the acceptance of this sacrifice" (Bree 49). Camus felt that Jesus Christ was an innocent man who was unjustly killed. This does conflicts with all of Camus' values. However, Camus did not believe that Jesus was the son of God. Camus' inability to accept Christian theology is voiced in The Plague by Riex and juxtaposed against the beliefs preached by Father Paneloux (Rhein 42). Paneloux's attitude toward the plague contrasts sharply with Rieux's. In his first sermon, he preaches that the plague is divine in origin and punitive in its purpose. He attempts to put aside his desires for a rational explanation and simply accepts God's will. In this way he is not revolting and therefore falls victim to the plague. Father Paneloux's belief that there are no innocent victims is shaken as he watches a young boy die of the plague. Camus purposefully describes a long, painful death to achieve the greatest effect on Paneloux: "When the spasms had passed, utterly exhausted, tensing his thin legs and arms, on which, within forty-eight hours, the flesh had wasted to the bone, the child lay flat, in a grotesque parody of crucifixion" (215). Paneloux cannot deny that the child was an innocent victim and is forced to rethink his ideas. During his second sermon, a change is seen in Father Paneloux. He now uses the pronoun "we" instead of "you," and he has adopted a new policy in which he tells people to believe "all or nothing" (224). Father Paneloux, as a Christian, is faced with a decision: either he accepts that God is the ultimate ruler and brings goodness out of the evil that afflicts men, or he sides with Rieux and denies God.

Why! Elder Abuse.Why!

Elder abuse, A Social Problem Elderly abuse has not been researched enough, although there has been recent expansion on the research of abuse of the elderly. However, it is still lacking adequate theory because there has not been enough research done, data collected on why it happens, or the characteristics of the abuser and victim. There are some diseases that cannot always be treated or prevented, but negligence and abuse can always be prevented. By learning to recognize the signs and symptoms of elder abuse, there will be a decrease in the number of the elderly who are abused and neglected. Within this paper you will find that both men and women are victims of elder abuse, crimes against the elderly, elder abuse with celebrities, main problems with elder abuse and a way to help stop elder abuse by education. It is said that Women are predominantly the victims of elder abuse and that men are the abusers, this is not always true, Men are also victims of elder abuse with women as the abusers. However, there has not been a firm definition of what is elder abuse. Some experts suggest that elder abuse should be included in the definition of domestic violence. Experts have found in their studies that women are the majority of the physically abused, where men were the larger average of elderly individuals who were neglected. However, many experts also state that focusing on the definition of elder abuse is counter-productive as in focusing on the issue that women are the majority of abused victims. Feminist theorists have failed to produce enough data here, although they have the expertise to contribute to this research. Wolf, 2000) Categories of elder abuse and neglect include such diverse harmful acts as hitting the person, withholding food or water, bullying and threatening, abandoning them when they cannot care for themselves. Which involve elders in their homes or in residential care (Wolf, 2000). According to the news on ABC, even celebrities are victims of elder abuse, such as Mickey Rooney. Who is a 90-year-old actor, who has had one of the longest careers of any actor, was granted court protection from stepson Chris Aber and his stepdaughter Christina Aber, after he filed a case against them charging verbal, emotional and financial abuse, and for denying him such basic necessities as food and medicine. The court documents say that both Chris and Christina Aber have been keeping Rooney as â€Å"effectively a prisoner in his own home† through the use of threats, intimidation and harassment (abcnews. com) In the United States most of the abuse has came from nursing homes, but now the abuse is coming from the offspring of the elderly. Even though the government officials are trying to pass new laws to protect the elderly, the abuse continues. Did you know that 90% of abuse and neglect is perpetrated by family members or relatives, two-thirds by the spouse or adult child of the victim (Administration on Aging, 2004b). One of the main problems with elder abuse is the failure to acknowledge it as a form of real abuse. The ‘caregiver’ is already excused by getting this label as the ‘carer’. There is also the focus on the elder individual as the catalyst to the abuse, by pushing the carer to his or her limits. The elder individual is seen as overly dependent and has added stress to the caregiver. Violence toward the elderly by their middle-aged children or others is a special form of family violence and, just like child abuse and domestic violence, deserves to be recognized, investigated and appropriate interventions provided to save victims from unnecessary suffering. What is abuse? â€Å"It is a single or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person or violates their human and civil rights (Brandl, 2000). The victim fears reporting such abuse will result in losing ties with that relative or that the relationship will be upset. In several circumstances the victim would be dependent on the perpetrator a caregiver and they are afraid of ending up in long term care if they report the abuse. There may also be the fear that the abuser may find out. Furthermore, they might not have the confidence to report the abuse, and are afraid they won’t remain anonymous. Maybe there is a possibly of failure to recognize abuse and they do not know what is happening to them is classified as abuse. From the functionalist perspective, aging is a social problem because the institutions of modern society are not meeting the needs of the dependent elderly. Interactionist believes that the elderly are stigmatized because they do not conform to the norms of a youth-oriented culture. Conflict theorist view the problems of the elder as stemming from lack of power to shape social institution to meet their needs (http://apa. org/) As a human service professional we can help in the fight to stop Elder abuse, by joining groups like the NCEA, and get involved in their World Elder Abuse Awareness Day. http://www. ncea. aoa. gov). We can help to educate the society, community, on the signs of Elder Abuse with a brochure on Signs of Elder Abuse and by joining the White House on the †Taking a Stand against Elder Abuse† that happens every year on the Annual World Elder Abuse Awareness Day (whitehouse. gov). Elder abuse is just like Domestic Violence and society should not let this ty pe of abuse happen to anyone. In conclusion; as citizens of United States, we must make ourselves aware of the signs of Elder Abuse. We must give respect to the elderly and if we suspect an elderly person is being abused by their family or a professional do not be afraid to report the abuse to the proper authorities. This paper gave you information as stated and that both men and women are victims of elder abuse, there are many crimes against the elderly, there is elder abuse with celebrities, there are main problems with elder abuse and there is a way to help stop elder abuse by education and planning. It is not an easy road but if we all work together to stop elderly abuse, we can stop it! Reference Halphen, John M. , Grace M. Varas, and June M. Sadowsky. 2009. â€Å"Recognizing and reporting elder abuse and neglect. † Geriatrics 64, no. 7: 13-18. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed June 18th, 2011). Administration on Aging (2004b) Elder Abuse, Retrieved, June 18th, 2011 from http://www. aoa. gov/eldfam National Center on Elder Abuse. (2004). The Basics. Retrieved June 17th, 2011 from http://www. lderabusecenter. org/default. cfm? p=basic. cfm Brandl, B. (2000) Power and control: Understanding domestic abuse in later life. Generations, 24(11), 39-45 National Council on Child Abuse and Family Violence. Retrieved March 18th, 2011, from http://www. nccafv. org/elder. htm#top http://apa. org/ http://www. ncea. aoa. gov/Ncearoot/Main_Site/pdf/publication/Join_Us_Campaign_tipsheet_indv_final. pdf retrieved June 21st, 20011 http://www. whitehouse. gov/blog/2011/06/13/taki ng-stand-against-elder-abuse

Community Health Project

Community Health Project- Part One – Identifying the Project's Focus Kathleen Rogers King Walden University November 26, 2012 Community Health Project-Part One -Identifying the Project's Focus This paper will identify a significant health issue and a particular population for a health management plan. Support for the significance of this health issue, and rationale for the selection of this population will be presented. Evidence about the population will be examined and discussed in regards to one asset and one challenge of this particular population.An approach to address the issue and the rationale for this choice will be provided with a minimum of five appropriate references. Health Issue and Population Defined as birth prior to 37 weeks gestation (ACOG, 2008), preterm birth affects about 12% of births in the United States. Preterm birth is an important public health priority costing over $26. 2 billion in 2005 according to the March of Dimes (2011) report on preterm birth. Prematurity is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years, and the single most important cause of death in the first month of life (March of Dimes, 2011).More than 15 million babies are born too soon, with 1 in 8 babies born premature every year worldwide; of these, over 1. 1 million preterm babies die due to complications of prematurity (CDC, 2012). The cost of the first year of birth for a preterm infant is 10 times greater than for term infants (Howson, Kinney & Lawn, 2012). Support and Rationale Women and infants are a vulnerable population. Maternal mortality and morbidity disproportionally affect vulnerable populations of women, such as those living in poverty, facing racial and ethnic discrimination, and having limited language skills (Anderson & Stone, 2013).From a public health perspective infant mortality is considered the measuring stick for determining the health of the population, whereas maternal mortality is the divider between wealth and poverty (An derson, 2013). Eliminating racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities is critical for quality health care outcomes (Shi & Stevens, 2010). Preterm births occur more often among certain racial and ethnic groups with non-Hispanic black mothers being 1. 5 times more likely to have a preterm baby, and that baby 3. times more likely to die than a non-Hispanic white baby (CDC, 2012). Sadly, although 90% of preterm babies in high-income countries will survive, 90% of preterm babies born in low-income countries will die (Presem & McDougall, 2012). The implications of being born too soon extend beyond the neonatal period and throughout the life cycle, resulting in serious consequences such as cerebral palsy, and chronic lung disease, as well as, intellectual impairment, learning difficulties, poor health, vision and hearing loss (Institute of Medicine, 2007).In general, the more immature the preterm infant, more life-support is needed, the risks of re-hospitalization are greater, and the b urden of lifetime problems more significant (IOM, 2007). Assets and Challenges Preventing preterm birth remains a challenge (CDC, 2012). There is no test that can accurately predict a preterm birth, very little is known about the causes and mechanisms of preterm birth, or about how to prevent a preterm birth, and few effective preventative strategies are available (March of Dimes, 2012; WHO, 2009; IOM, 2007).Once a woman is pregnant, most of the interventions to prevent preterm birth only delay onset long enough to administer steroids to the mother to help prevent respiratory distress in the infant after birth and transfer the mother and fetus to a hospital for the appropriate level of care (IOM, 2007). Studies indicate that many of the factors associated the preterm birth frequently occur together, particularly in minority women, or those who have low socioeconomic status (IOM, 2007).Medical conditions such as chronic hypertension, diabetes, infections, and stress are associated wi th preterm birth, as are any history of a preterm birth in a previous pregnancy, a family history of preterm birth, infertility, and a pregnancy of twins or triplets (IOM, 2007). Any significant gains to be made in the study of preterm birth will be in the area of prevention and eliminating disparities (IOM, 2007). Feasible, sustainable, cost-effective care solutions can be made available by collaboration, cooperation and alignment of services (WHO, 2012).Clinical research continues to identify ways to prevent preterm deliveries. For example, a progesterone medication (17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate or 17P) may prevent preterm birth among women who have had a prior preterm birth (CDC, 2012). Approaches and Interventions Addressing preterm birth is now an urgent priority for reaching the WHO, Millennium Development Goal 4 (WHO, 2012). Reducing child deaths by two-thirds by 2015 requires a rapid expansion of our global commitments to implement change (WHO, 2012).Collaborative a nd partnership management models have evolved for addressing action and prevention programs such as, the World Health Organization’s Every Woman, Every Child, Global Strategy for Women and Children’s Health, March of Dimes, Save the Children, Born too Soon, The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health (PMNCH), and the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s 4 & 5) which aim to save the lives of 16 million women and children by 2015 (Howson et al, 2012; WHO, 2009).Nationally, the framework is complete; since 1980, the CDC’s Healthy People series has been based on core public concepts: population surveillance, population health, prevention and early intervention, identification of root causes, outcome assessment, and continuous feedback so that interventions can be adjusted appropriately (Manderscheid, 2009). To achieve the Healthy People objectives, it is essential to monitor improvement regularly to ensure the resources are directed app ropriately and effectively (Shi & Stevens, 2010).A set of ten measurable leading health indicators (LHIs) was developed, which also reflect the risks of preterm birth; these are physical activity, obesity, tobacco use, substance abuse, sexual behavior, mental health, injury and violence, environmental quality, immunization, and access to health care (Shi, 2010). Implementation and Rationale Implementing priority, evidence-based interventions for prevention include reducing unplanned adolescence pregnancies, short time gaps between births, unhealthy pre-pregnancy weight (underweight or obesity), substance abuse (e. g. tobacco use) and chronic disease (e. . diabetes, hypertension). Screening for infectious sexually transmitted disease (e. g. HIV, syphilis), and implementing early treatment can also help reduce the incidence of preterm labor (WHO, 2012). Internationally, all countries need to ensure universal access to comprehensive antenatal care, quality childbirth services and emerg ency obstetric care (WHO, 2012). In addition, workplace policies need to promote healthy pregnancies and reduce the risk of preterm birth including regulations to protect pregnant women from physically demanding work, and exposure to harmful pollutants (WHO, 2012).Greater provision for life-saving medications, supplies and services, as well as the resources and policies are needed to enable women and children adequate access to health care, especially skilled care at the time of birth (WHO, 2009). Empowering, and educating girls, providing health promotion, access to care for cost-effective interventions in contraception, and encouraging preconception family planning can increase the likelihood of healthy planned pregnancies, and improve preterm birth prevention according to the WHO, Born Too Soon: Global Action Report on Preterm Birth (Presem & McDougall, 2012).In addition, Kangaroo Mother Care (skin to skin incubation with mother) can cut preterm deaths in half saving an estimated 450,000 babies a year (Presem & McDougall, 2012). The provision of inexpensive antenatal corticosteroids and antibiotics is estimated to reduce the risk of breathing difficulties in premature babies, saving around 370,000 lives a year (WHO, 2012). Fontenot and Collins Fantasia (2012) concluded that 100mg of progesterone vaginally every night between 24 and 34 weeks gestation resulted in lower incidence of preterm labor, birth, and delivery.Approach and Action A recent article in The Lancet (2012), claims from a panel of experts, that five proven interventions could begin lowering preterm birth rates of 5 percent across 39 high-resource countries, including the United States, by 2015, and would prevent prematurity for 58,000 babies a year and $3 billion in health and economic costs (March of Dimes, 2012): * Eliminating early cesarean section deliveries and inductions of labor unless medically indicated; * Decreasing embryo transfers during assisted reproductive technologies; * Helpi ng women quit smoking; Providing progesterone supplementation to women with high risk pregnancies; * Cervical cerclage for high-risk women with short cervix. The majority of preterm births occur spontaneously with no known cause, recent studies show that a short cervix is the single best predictor of preterm birth. Slager and Lynne (2012) propose screening for shortened cervical length, a universal risk factor, in conjunction with a proven clinical intervention by transvaginal ultrasound.Although not available in all areas, transvaginal ultrasound is the most reliable method to evaluate cervical length, it is found to be most effective for risk estimates under 30 weeks gestation, and predictive results were improved by combining with obstetric history (Slager, J. & Lynne, S. , 2012). The combination of positive fetal fibronectin (fFN) testing and cervical length less than 25 mm is a strong predictor of impending preterm birth (Tharpe, Farley, & Jordan, 2013).As a MSN educator, my go al will be to educate nursing, midwifery, and medical students in the principles and methods of assessment, prevention and early intervention of preterm birth indicators. On the Perinatal Special Care Unit of my employment, a new system of prenatal education will be proposed to administration detailing the benefits of group prenatal care in reducing low birth weight in premature babies (Massey, Schindler Rising, & Ickovics, 2006). Centering Pregnancy Prenatal Care ModelCentering Pregnancy group prenatal care is an innovative model of care for addressing the complex psychosocial needs of the mother and her family. Centering Pregnancy prenatal care promotes relationship-centered care, facilitates learning, develops mutual support, and strengthens the opportunities for communication and nurturing among women. Centering Pregnancy prenatal care encourages social networking, supportive relationships with their significant other are developed, women experience less stress, fewer pregnancy complications, and fewer adverse neonatal outcomes (Massey et al, 2006).Research indicates that prenatal social support has been associated with improved fetal growth and greater infant birth weight. Good social support can improve birth outcomes; measured in longer gestations and significantly larger babies, increase women’s confidence, satisfaction, and increase self-nurturing (Massey, 2006). Centering Pregnancy is a model for group prenatal care that results in perinatal outcomes that equal or exceed prenatal traditional care, especially for teens, and other cultures accustomed to group support (Anderson, 2013).Centering Pregnancy exemplifies an evidence-based best practice for nurse-midwives. This model places all three components of prenatal care- risk assessment, education, and support- into the group setting. It fosters a sense of empowerment as prenatal group members are encouraged to take responsibility for their own health care and group members are encouraged to se ek information about healthy behaviors and common concerns of pregnancy, which builds a partnership between patient and provider (Massey, 2006).Translating this model of providing prenatal care for our hospitalized high-risk antepartum patients is the approach I intend to take because the evidence for improved outcomes with group care for high-risk women seems compelling, and may even be a future model of care for other countries, and women of diverse cultures (Tandon, Colon, Vega, Murphy, & Alonso, 2012). References American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). (2008). Use of progesterone to prevent preterm birth. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 112, 963-965. American Psychological Association. (2010).Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. (6th. ed. ). Washington, DC. Anderson, B. , & Stone, S. (2013). Best practices in midwifery, using the evidence to implement change. Springer Publishing. New York, NY. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CD C). (2012). Preterm Birth. Retrieved from http://www. cdc. gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/PretermBirth. htm Fontenot, H. B. , Collins Fantasia, H. (2012). Vaginal progesterone to prevent preterm birth in high-risk women. Nursing for Women’s Health. Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses. 37-241. ISSN: 1751-4851 Howsen, C. , Kinney, M. , Lawn, J. (2012). The global action report on preterm birth. Preterm birth matters. March of Dimes. 9-14 Lynch, E. , Dezen, T. (2012). Preterm birth can be prevented with a few proven treatments, Lancet article says: Global partners challenge 39 high-income countries. March of Dimes. http://www. marchofdimes. com/news/10898. html March of Dimes. (2011). March of Dimes 2011 premature birth report card. Retrieved from http://www. marchofdimes. com/peristats/pdflib/998/US. pdf Massey, Z. Schindler Rising, S. , Ickovics, J. (2006).Centering pregnancy group prenatal care: Promoting relationship-centered care . Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 35, 286-294. doi:10. 1111/J. 1552-6909. 2006. 00040. x Manderscheid, R. (2009). Aiming for a healthier population by 2020: Moving our fields toward prevention, early intervention, and population health. Behavioral Healthcare; 29, 1; Proquest Central. pg. 51 Presem, C. , McDougall, L. (2012). Born too soon: The global action report on preterm birth. World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved from http://www. who. int/pmnch/media/news/2012/preterm_birth_report/en/index9. tml Shi, L. , & Stevens, G. (2010). Vulnerable populations in the United States (2nd. ed. ). Jossey-Bass. San Francisco, CA. Slager, J. , & Lynne, S. (2012). Assessment of cervical length and the relationship between short cervix and preterm birth. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 57(1): S4-S11. doi:10. 1111/j. 1542-2011. 2012. 00209. x Tandon, S. D. , Colon, L. , Vega, P. , Murphy, J. , Alonso, A. (2012). Birth outcomes associated with receipt of g roup prenatal care among low-income Hispanic women. Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health. 57(5). 476-481. doi: 10. 111/j. 542-2011. 2012. 00184. x Tharpe, N. , Farley, C. , Jordan, R. (2013). Clinical practice guidelines for midwifery & women’s health. (4th ed. ). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Burlington, MA. 198-201. World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: A systematic review of maternal morbidity and mortality. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 88, 31-38. doi: 10. 2471/BLT. 08. 06255 World Health Organization (WHO). (2012). Born too soon: The global action report on preterm birth. http://www. who. int/pmnch/media/news/2012/preterm_birth_report/en/index. html

A Case Study on “Managing Like a Man at Silkqueen?”

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This is the case study on â€Å"Managing like a man at SilkQueen? † by Kate Hutchings of Queensland University of Technology. Here we are given a character named Sally Dawson who works for SilkQueen, which is an Australian company. She is a well skilled manager who has a huge experience for working successfully in Asia. However, working in this company as a manager, she facing some problems, which lead her to take a decision whether she leaves the company or try to make some smart changes. For this case study, we are using four questions. We answer all the four questions one by one respectively. In those, we try to figure out the problems faced by the employees and Sally, attitudes of the organization towards Sally, ways open for Sally. We also discuss about cross-cultural problems here. We also include a bibliography at the end. Company Profile SilkQueen is an Australian Company. Its’ main product is fabrics. It produces high quality fabrics and sell those throughout the world. SilkQueens’ manufacturing plants are situated in Sydney as well as in several locations throughout Asia. This company started its’ business as a family-owned company in 1910 and it started its’ international operations in 1979. The workforce of SilkQueen always female-dominated but maximum times management has been male-dominated. Sally Dawson has been working for SilkQueen for many years and most of the time she was expending her times working in Asia. It should be noted that she is quite successful in her career. Recently she has been posted to Australia and she is facing some problems with her employees. Although, the productivity is increased but the management is not quite satisfied with her work because the workers are neglected there. In this case study, we have to find out the problems faced by the employees and Sally and the probable solutions for those problems. For this purpose, we are using four questions. They are as follows: 1)From the perspective of the employees, what problems they are facing? 2)What are the problems faced by Sally and what could the organization have done to address her problems? 3)What could Sally do to improve her leadership style? )Why Sally’s leadership style is questioned in Australia and accepted in Asia? Now we are discussing the above questions with a view to analyzing the case study. Because of globalization and workforce diversity, the nature of management in an organization has considerably changed over the years. Nowadays, management is not only about exercising reasonable power using directive leadership but also about building relat ionships with employees, adapting leadership styles depending on situations, and working together with people from various cultural backgrounds. To understand the management terrain in the various areas of organizational behavior mentioned above, the objective of this paper is to analyses the case study, ‘Managing like a man at SilkQueen? ’ and provide insights on the problems encountered by Sally Dawson, the employees and the organization at SilkQueen. The paper will first focus on perception stereotyping and dominance effect to explain how the employees perceive the situation and Sally’s leadership. The problems faced by Sally will be next looked into to understand how the organization could have helped in various areas. Theories on improving leadership styles will be used to explain why Sally’s leadership approach is accepted in Asia but not in Australia. Question One: From the perspective of the employees, what problems they are facing? To recognize the problems met by the employees of SilkQueen, an analysis of their perception of the former line manager Mr. Wong will be compulsory. This is because the assessment of Sally by employees is partly based on comparison with Wong. According to the employees’ perception, Wong is an effective leader who is consultative, caring and concerned about their well-being. He is seen as valuing employees’ opinion as he always asked what the employees think before he does anything. Unlike Wong, Sally does not walk around the factory floor or show concerns for her employees. She does not ask what the employees think before she implements anything. The employees therefore perceive Sally to be a poor manager who does not care about employees’ work condition and who buries herself ‘behind a high desk with her back to the door in an office two levels above’. These perceptions however may not be true. According to organizational behavior scholars, ‘women are evaluated negatively when they adopt a stereotypically male leadership style and occupy traditionally male-dominated positions’. The employees in the case assume that Sally being a woman should be ‘nurturing and †¦ care about their workers’ suggesting preconceived notions of how women should behave. This notion of stereotyping can result in misinterpretation of information because not all people are the same, and many in the same social category may demonstrate inconsistencies with the stereotype. Question Two: What are the problems faced by Sally and what could the organization have done to address her problems? The first action by Sally in making a decision to change the work hours without consultation with the employees formed a lasting impression of her leadership, known as the primary effect the primary effect relates to a perceptual distortion which states that ‘first impressions are lasting impressions’ and once an inaccurate first impression is established, it is difficult for the perception to change even when new information contradicts the first impression. The consequence of Sally’s non-consultative management style spells the beginning of a problematic relationship with her workers. Within three months after she took over line management, Sally is faced with considerable indifference and hostility from her subordinates. In addition to his pressure, Sally also has to ‘change the focus of her work’ when she took up the role of line management in the manufacturing operations-an area which she is unfamiliar with. Because of this, she has to work long hours with very little time for social life, resulting in increased stress. Sally’s problems and stress could have been substantially reduced if the organization has played a supportive role. A good organization should first assess its manager’s strengths and weaknesses before assigning new roles. This may be done through a structured interview process or through research and information gathering with the objective to understand two areas of managerial competencies- past behavior to predict future behavior, and recent behavior to predict distant past behavior. By understanding Sally’s former experiences and roles, the organization can then decide whether to assign her to another area of to send her to a leadership development program such as the leadership grid to train her in evaluating task-oriented and people oriented leadership to work out a style best suited for her new role. Question Three: What could Sally do to improve her leadership style? Notwithstanding this fact, however, Sally should cultivate her emotional intelligence to monitor her own and others’ feeling and emotions to guide her thinking and action. According to behavioral theories by Ohio state studies and University of Michigan studies, there are primarily two categories of leadership: people oriented, and task-oriented. The behavioral studies propose a managerial grid based on a manager’s ‘concern for people’ and ‘concern for production’, which ideal grid position rates the manager as performing best when the style of leadership is high on people and task dimensions. In the case of SilkQueen, Sally could improve her leadership style by adapting a more people-oriented behavioral approach. To influence her subordinates, she could consider using contingency leadership ‘based on the idea that the most appropriate leadership style depends on the situation’. Theories of contingency leadership that Sally could use include Hersey-Blanchard situational theory, house’s path-goal theory, and Vroom-Jago leadership participation theory. The Hersey-Blanchard situational theory proposes that effective leadership is dependent on the followers. This means that regardless of what the leader does, it is the actions or acceptation of the followers that decide the effectiveness of the leader. This theory suggests that the leader should change his or her leadership style according to the maturity of the followers and the situation. Situational theory combines task and relationship behaviors and identifies four specific leadership styles: telling, selling, participating and delegating. Based on the maturity of the followers, each of the relevant four styles is used by the leader to respond to the employees by gradually declining control over activities and relationship behavior. For example, when an employee is new to the organization, the leader should use the style of telling the follower what to do, giving clear and specific directions. Depending on the maturity stage of the follower, alternative styles such as selling the leader’s ideas, participating in decision-making, or delegating responsibilities to the follower may next be used. In the case of SilkQueen, using the situational theory approach would have helped Sally understand that leadership is dependent on the followers and the way to lead followers is dependent on situations and levels of maturity. Instead of telling the employees, Sally could use the method of selling and participating in implementing the change of work hours. The path-goal theory developed by Robert House is another contingency theory model that Sally could employ in improving her leadership style. The theory suggests that an effective leader is one who can influence employee satisfaction and performance by making their need satisfaction contingent with the overall objectives of the group or organization. Four styles of effective leadership are indentified in this model: directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented. A directive leader lets subordinates know what is expected, giving directions on what to do and how, while a supportive leadership shows concern for the needs of subordinates. A participative leader consults with subordinates and involves them in decision making, while an achievement-oriented leader sets the goals and expects subordinates to perform at their highest level. Using the path-goal theory, Sally could effectively change the perception of her subordinates by building a people oriented behavioral approach through the use of a more supportive and participative leadership style instead of an achievement-oriented leadership. The third model of contingency theory that could be used by Sally is the Vroom-Jago leader participation theory. This theory developed by Victor Vroom and Alfred Jago takes a contingency approach to determine the optimal level of employee involvement depending on the situation. It proposes choosing the best decision making method for any problem situation through alternatives such as individual or authority decision, consultative decision, group or consensus decision. The model considers five levels of employee participation based on a decision tree ranging from autocratic at the top to team consensus at the bottom. Following the leader-participation theory model, Sally could evaluate the level of participation required by her in choosing the optimal level of employee involvement. Instead of using the top two levels of the decision tree, that proposes autocratic decision-making. Sally could use the bottom three levels of consultative and group decision in her approach. Question Four: Why Sally’s leadership style is questioned in Australia and accepted in Asia? As can be seen in the theories discussed above, one of the traits required of an effective leader is adaptability of leadership styles in varied situations. Adapting styles to situations however is not an easy task especially in organizations today where employees are made up of people from different cultures across national and regional boundaries. In the case of SilkQueen, it is apparent that Sally’s leadership is seen as questionable in Australia, but appropriate in Asia because of cross-cultural perspectives. This underlying cultural value may be translated as power distance, uncertainty, avoidance, individualism versus collectivism, achievement versus nurturing orientation, and long-term versus short-term orientation according to Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture. Using Hofstede’s framework as the guideline to cross-cultural comparison in SilkQueen’s case study, employees in Australia may be seen as high in individualism, high on social obligations and traditions, but moderately low in power distance. This rating vastly differs from countries in Asia such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and China. In Indonesia, individual goals are seen as less important than collective goals. In Malaysia, power distance ranks high while in China the future is emphasized more than tradition or social obligations. Based on the ranking described above, it is easy to understand why Sally’s task oriented leadership style is questioned in Australia but accepted in Asia. According to Hofstede’s framework, Australia is more inclined to meeting individual goals than group goals and expects relatively equal power sharing. In Asia, power distance is generally high, which means that receiving commands from superiors are commonly accepted. Conclusion Throughout the discussion in this paper, the studies of organizational behavior have been primarily focused in four areas: perception, leadership styles, leadership assessment, and cross-cultural behaviors. The perception of leadership based on stereotype and primacy effect can present inaccuracies and incorrect information of a situation or a person. A manager who wants to be effective must cultivate emotional intelligence and be flexible to adapt different leadership styles depending on the situation. A good organization must first assess its leaders to understand past behavior to predict future behaviors and bridge the gap of its leaders through leadership grid training. To manage a global organization, the leader must understand the differences in cross-cultural values across different parts of the world. Bibliography: Robbins, P. Stephen, Judge, A. Timothy. Organizational Behavior Luthans, Fred. Organizational Behavior

Examples of Chinese Architecture

I was grouped with another four members. We are assigned to turn up the undermentioned country of involvement on the given base map and see them. Our docket is to detect and document the cardinal architectural characteristics such as Gatess, courtyards, doors, Windowss, walls, roofs, stuffs, structural systems, etc. Furthermore, we were supposed to detect and do records of objects, people, store houses and activities on streets that entreaties to us and add character to our overall journey. Our first finish was Buddha Tooth Relic Temple, we discovered the tremendous roofs and the cardinal characteristics of the Chinese architecture. The Buddha Tooth Relic Temple & A ; Museum is a Tang-Styled Chinese Buddhist Temple in the bosom of Chinatown. The temple characteristics many aspects of Buddhist humanistic disciplines and civilization of Singapore. It besides houses what the Buddhists respect as the Sacred Buddha Tooth Relic in a tope weighing 3.5 metric tons and composed of 320 kilogram of gold donated by fans. It besides houses other sacred relics of the Buddha, such as bone and lingua relics. The temple prides itself on the research made to guarantee truth and genuineness of the design and architecture found here. The exterior of this active Buddha Temple combined with museum appears of a Chinese pagoda that sits in the bosom of Singapore Chinatown. This temple incorporates elements of the Chinese Tang Dynasty of facade constructions as the roof of Chinese ruddy is spilled in a modern construction. In the shadow of the scene Sun, Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum depicts really Chinese presence of Buddhist Mandala. Eminent Sangha Museum characteristic life narratives of monastics in Singapore showcasing Buddhist humanistic disciplines and civilization. It immerses one deep into the Buddhism life and civilization for a better apprehension. Visitors are to stay in dressing modestly and avoid obscene visual aspect. Repose is of import with regard to the temple and its mission where visitants who are non Buddhist, nor spiritual in any form or signifier, are able to achieve interior consolation for a minute ‘s peace from today ‘s barbarous ever-changing universe. Inscriptions are written in English and traditional Chinese. I like this temple for its beautiful alfresco garden atrium. It was deserving a visit with an unfastened head. Our 2nd finish was Ann Siang Hill, we explored the Ann Siang Road and Club Street. We noticed the interesting architecture of the store houses which combine Asiatic and European influences. We went to Ann Siang Hill was to research the milieus and to take some good shootings of the interesting topographic points in Singapore. Apart from its quaint and delightfully quiet shops, Ann Siang besides boosts of intricate architecture and colourss. Not merely does Ann Siang Hill boast lovely and quaint books/clothing shops, it besides has old-timer store houses which house the coffeehouse and assorted retail shops. A lovely combination of the old and new bing together. Our 3rd finish was Thian Hock Keng Temple, we were to detect and research one of the Singapore’s OLDEST Chinese temples. The traditional beam and bracket systems used for back uping the brilliant roofs and gaining control the repose of the courtyard. The significance forms play in temple architecture, and the Thian Hock Keng is a all right illustration. It has Windowss that are round to typify Eden, square to typify the Earth, and tiles which were meticulously laid out either in square forms to typify the oral cavity, connoting that one would ne'er travel hungry here, or in an upside down â€Å"V† form, typifying â€Å"ren† , the Chinese word for â€Å"men† , to propose that one can see this topographic point as a sanctuary. Characterized by orange-coloured glassless clay roof tiles, bricks and terracotta floor tiles. Finial ends of the curving roof ridge expanse outwards like ’swallow tails’ with ‘twining weed’ ornaments merely used above the overturned eaves. The generous usage of granite typifies the Hokkien manner as Quanzhou is a celebrated centre for granite sculptures and carvings. Elaborate symbolisms through pictures and carvings on assorted parts of the timber-bracketed structural system is easy distinguished from the Northern Chinese manner which is largely painted. The presence of chihu gong oblate prances suggests the likely usage of Zhangzhou craftsmen in the building of the temple. Yet, the enforcing group of winged-fairies dou gong above the chief entryway indicates the possible engagement of Quanzhou craftsmen in the carving of secondary lumber members. Our 4th finish was Nagore Durga Shrine, a good illustration that reflects the blend of the E and the West influences of Islamic Architecture. Although this is a Moslem topographic point of worship, it is non a mosque, but a shrine, built to mark a visit to the island by a Muslim sanctum adult male of the Chulia people ( Muslim merchandisers and usurers from India ‘s Coromandel Coast ) who was going about Southeast Asia distributing the word of Indian Islam. The most interesting ocular characteristic is its frontage: Two arched Windowss flank an arched room access, with columns in between. Above these is a â€Å" illumination castle † — a monolithic reproduction of the frontage of a castle, with bantam cutout Windowss and a little arched room access in the center. The cutouts in white plaster make it look like lacing. From the corners of the frontage, two 14-level minarets rise, with three small domed cutouts on each degree and onion domes on top. Inside, the suppl ication halls and two shrines are painted and decorated in flooring tacky colourss. Our 5th finish was the Fuk Tak Chi Temple Museum, upon come ining, two enforcing Chinese divinities greet us at the doors. They symbolize ‘the Door God’ which, harmonizing to Chinese folklore, wards off evil liquors. Sing as the Door Gods were our lone comrades on our visit, they appear to hold warded off the museum-goers as good. Mostly dwelling of one chief alfresco courtyard, a little hallway and communion table beyond that, one can walk around the interior reasonably rapidly. There is a panorama in the center of the hallway that depicts what the topographic point might hold looked like back in the twenty-four hours. And so once more, non all museums or temples come to this charming room access in its dorsum wall. Step through the sliding glass door it feels like you have stepped outside except it’s air-conditioned. Once the back back street of Fuk Tak Chi, it has now been converted into the anteroom of a hotel with a instead alfresco construct, high ceilings w ith glass window glasss that fill the hall with natural visible radiation. Our 6th finish was the Al-Abrar Mosque, we explored the simple Indian manner architecture and the cardinal characteristics of the Chinese Architecture. This mosque, besides called Masjid Chulia, after the Chulias, the group of Indian usurer immigrants who funded its building, was originally erected as a thatched edifice in 1827, therefore its Tamil name Kuchu Palli, which means â€Å" hut mosque. † The edifice that stands today was built in the 1850s, and even though it faces Mecca, the complex conforms to the grid of the vicinity ‘s metropolis streets. It was designated a national memorial in 1974, and in the late eightiess, the mosque underwent major redevelopments that enlarged the mihrab and stripped off some of the cosmetic qualities of the columns in the edifice. The one-story supplication hall was extended upward into a two-story gallery. Small touches like the lumber window panels and fanlight Windowss have been carried over into the new redevelopments. Our concluding finish was the URA Center, we explored the topographic point and the cardinal characteristics of the Singapore map that they have. There were little edifices and the construction of the Singapore. It was a great experience researching the topographic points that we discovered from the map. To reason, it was merriment and gratifying detecting the topographic points from Chinatown. The country of involvement given from the map and the cardinal architectural characteristics which adds on to our journey. The experience was a fruitful one on detecting the topographic points of Chinatown.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT AND TESTING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

ENGLISH LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT AND TESTING - Essay Example The above set is meant for a second generation student. Second generation students are those that are bilingual with English being their second language. As stated earlier, the test serves a core role of introducing the second speakers of English to the core basic principles and comprehension of English as a language used in learning in other various fields. Second language students require tests that serve to introduce them to learning English. The test, like the above one, should not apply jargons or tough vocabularies that may make them fail to understand the meaning of what the examiner requires. It should be simple straightforward and of course with some easily identifiable exam tricks. Existence of sound systems: the above questions can be effectively answered by a student reading the sentences loudly identifying the areas that require fixing of words. For instance, question 18 tests on preposition which is a part of speech (Byram & Morgan 45). Many students get involved in unnecessary practices and behaviors once they step on the university. Reading this sentence aloud allows the student to understand the basic language concept being tested. The student will definitely identify where the mistake is correct by choosing appropriately from the options given. Existence of grammatical systems is another language principle that has been employed in coming up with the above questions (Fotos & Ellis 76). Grammatical systems involve sentence structure with the noun, adjective, verb and adverb arrangement. It ensures logicality and easy comprehension of the sentences compiled. The other principle applied is meaningfulness of language. Language must be meaningful and practi cal in order to understand. Language must portray something that is naturally meaningful and practical in the setting. For instance, it will be grammatically correct for one to state that, the cat killed the lioness. However, the sentence

Ethical Self-Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Self-Assessment - Essay Example I realized that every decision I made in the workplace and even in my private life has an ethical aspect to it and failing to address this can lead to unethical actions. I also realised that every action and decision taken will affect both me and at least another individual in a certain way. In this regard, when making decisions, it is necessary to know when to act in which way and how this will affect the other person; this is especially so with regard to the patients I deal with and the people I work with. The ACHE standards are important in guiding my professional ethical conduct as they act as a guidelines as well as a reminder of the importance of ethical behaviour and ethical conduct. The ACHE standards are important in reminding me how important it is for a professional in my career to be able look at the ways in which my actions affect the other people. ACHE standards are geared towards affecting the way people think about their actions with regard to other people. As an indi vidual, ACHE standards have made me to rethink the way I do things and the way I look at issues. They have reminded me that in making decisions, I should be able to think about the other person and not just how the decision will be beneficial to me. My individual ethics determines how I make decisions and how I act in all times. Regardless of the ACHE standards, I am an honest person and I believe in fairness. In this regard, I always look for fairness when making decisions and when acting in certain ways. This helps me to make the right decisions and to be able to consider how my decisions will affect other people. However, there are those instances where I may drop my guard and may not essentially act in the ethical way. One example of such a time is when dealing with other people’s actions. ACHE standards have made me to realise that ethical conduct is not just limited to my actions, but rather that it also has to do with how I deal with other people’s actions. In t his regard, if a colleague acts in an unethical way, it is my ethical responsibility to correct them and to make sure that such unethical actions are not tolerated. Acting in an ethical manner can be a big challenge due to a number of issues. One main issue has to do with the fact that one may not know when he or she is acting in an unethical way. In this regard, one of the strategies which I will use in order to help myself to act in an ethical manner in the future is by learning as much as possible about ethical issues. For instance, studying the ACHE standards can help me to identify the many situations in which I should be alert ethically. As described above, being able to correct the actions of others when they are unethical is part of ethical behaviour and failing to do so is unethical. This was only made clear to me after studying the ACHE ethical standards. In this regard, I intend to learn as much as possible in order to make sure that I understand as much as possible the v arious issues which constitute unethical behaviour. The other important thing which I will include in my strategy for the future with regard to ethical behaviour is acting in time and being proactive. By reading the ACHE ethical standards, I realised that failing to act in time and only acting in the last minute is one of the factors which lead to unethical action because one is left with little choice. In this regard, I will start acting proactively to make sure that